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Bioherbicides Market Overview
Bioherbicides market size is forecast to reach around $2 billion by 2025, after growing at a CAGR of 11% during 2020-2025. Bioherbicides are phytopathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria or protozoa, useful for weed control. Growing population coupled with decreasing landmass uplift the farmers to use bioherbicides for better crop productivity. Harmful effects of chemical based synthetic fertilizers on environment and human health is also boosting the organic methods of farming, which in turn drive the growth of bioherbicides market size. Furthermore, rising environmental concerns and government norm such as Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) which regulates and restricts the use of chemical-based pesticides also aids to the growth of bioherbicides market share.
Report Coverage
The report: “Bioherbicides Market – Forecast (2020-2025)”, by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the Bioherbicides Industry.
By Source: Microbial [Fungi (Colletotrichum, Phoma, Sclerotinia, and Others), Bacteria (Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas and Others), Protozoa], Biochemical, Phytotoxic Plant Residues, and Others
By Crop Type: Agricultural Crops (Grains & Cereals, Oilseeds, Fruits & Vegetables, and Others) and Non-Agricultural (Turf & Ornamental and Plantation Crops)
By Application: Seed Treatment, Foliar, Soil Application, Post-Harvest, and Others
By Geography: North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and RoW
Key Takeaways
- In European market, the surging demand for lower pesticide residue and Government actions for restricting the use harmful chemicals augments the growth of bioherbicides market.
- Rising health concerns and increase in demand for organic fruits & vegetables is boosting the growth of bioherbicides market.
- With the advancements in genetic engineering, new generation bioherbicides are being developed that are more effective against weeds, subsequently aiding the growth of bioherbicides market.
Type - Segment Analysis
Microbial segment held the largest share of 35% in the bioherbicides market in 2019. Microbial bioherbicides which includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and certain insects (e.g. parasitic wasps, butterfly) attacks the defense genes of the weeds, thereby killing it. Microbial bioherbicides are host specific and will reside on the soil or weed host, while a commercial chemical herbicide would need to be reapplied to the crop. The ability of microbial herbicides to attack the unwanted plants and weeds without harming the crop plant is augmenting the growth of bioherbicides market.
Crop Type – Segment Analysis
Based on the crop, agricultural crops dominate the bioherbicides market with a share of more than 40% in the bioherbicides market. According to the United Nations Organization (UNO), world population is projected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7 billion in 2050. The growing population has increased the demand of cereals, oilseeds, and vegetables within turn boosts the use of bioherbicides for better crop yield. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has forecasted that global cereal production is projected to expand by 13% by 2027, subsequently augmenting the growth of bioherbicides market. Also, according to Trade Map, value of total cereals imported worldwide increased from $ 110.16Mn in 2017 to $ 119.13 Mn in 2018.
By Application – Segment Analysis
Based on the application, foliar segment holds the largest share of more than 30% in the bioherbicides market in 2019. Foliar feeding is an effective technique of applying bioherbicides directly on the leaves. Direct contact of bioherbicides with unwanted weed plants results in faster application of bioherbicides. Once bioherbicides are sprayed onto the weed, they release phytotoxins that suppresses the growth of the weeds and kills them. Whereas. The other mode of application such as soil treatment and post-harvest takes sufficient time in eliminating weeds from the field.
Geography - Segment Analysis
Asia Pacific has dominated the bioherbicides market with a share of more than 40% in 2019 followed by North America and Europe. The growing demand of bioherbicides for weed elimination without affecting the crop across the region is driving the market growth. According to the Government of India report, food Processing Industry in India contributed approx. $3.92 billion to India’s exports in the year 2017-18 and total consumption of the food and beverage segment domestically is expected to reach $1.142 trillion by 2025. Moreover, increasing health concerns and adoption of organic method of farming has also accelerated the use of bioherbicides. For instance, According to Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, the organic area in Asia increased by 25% in 2017 and reached almost 6.1 million hectares, which was 0.4% of the total agricultural area in the region. Whereas, in India, the presence of Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), National Mission of Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), and National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF) also contributes to the growth of bioherbicides market.
Drivers – Bioherbicides Market
- Growing health concern and harmful effect of chemical pesticides
Chemical herbicides decrease the fertility of soil, pollutes the underground water, and also cause adverse health effects including cancer, birth defects, and disruption of the endocrine (hormone) system. Harmful effects of chemical herbicides on human health and environment is accelerating the demand of bioherbicides. Moreover, government steps for reducing the use of chemical pesticides is also aiding the growth of the market. For instance, on 20th May 2020, Pesticide Area Network (PAN) has approved the Indian government proposal to ban 27 pesticides including 2,4-D, acephate, atrazine, benfuracarb, butachlor, and others citing its harmful effects on human health and the environment. Also, the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), Mexico’s Environment Ministry, has announced that glyphosate-based herbicides will be phased out of use in the country by 2024 to protect human health and the environment. Moreover, in 2014, Sri Lanka bans Monsanto herbicide citing potential link to deadly kidney disease.
- Increasing government initiatives to boost agriculture sector
The government of various countries are focusing and spending heavily in the field of agriculture as it is an effective way to promote agricultural productivity, while enhancing the environmental sustainability. For instance, in 2016, according to China’s Ministry of Agriculture, over 1,300 Chinese enterprises had overseas investments in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries valued at $26 billion. Additionally, in India, under Budget 2019-20, Pradhan Mantri Samman Nidhi Yojana was introduced in which a minimum fixed pension of Rs. 3000 (around US$ 42.92) is to be provided to the eligible small and marginal farmers, on attaining the age of 60 years. Thus, owing to the various initiatives by the government, agricultural production is also increasing in the various regions. Thus, with the increasing crop production the demand for bioherbicides is also increasing to increase the crop yield, which acts as a driver for the bioherbicides market.
Challenges – Bioherbicides Market
- Effectiveness and high cost of bioherbicides
The effectiveness of bioherbicide is the major limiting factor that hampers the growth of market. Microbial bioherbicides are affected by environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and moisture which in turn lowers the impact of bioherbicides on weeds. Bioherbicides are host specific and provide partial control of only one weed species, even under ideal conditions. Thus, to control different types of weed, large variety of bioherbicides are required such as Colletotrichum coccoides used to control Abutilon theophassti and Phoma is used as a biological control agent of Clematis vitalba. This acts as a restraint for the growth of market. In addition to efficacy, price of bioherbicides and concerns about potential crop threats are also limiting the use of bioherbicide. For instance, Citrus canker is a citrus disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas. Requirement of new skills & technology to improve the efficiency of bioherbicide is major challenge for the bioherbicides market.
- Emergence of COVID-19
The outbreak of coronavirus has impacted the growth of bioherbicides market. Industries are shuttered all around the world and people stuck in their houses due to lockdown. Disruption of supply chain led huge losses to the farmers. Late deliveries of agricultural products impacted the farmers which in turn hampered the growth of bioherbicides market. According to the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) India's fruits and vegetables export declined by 16% and reached at $1 billion for the period between April 2019 and January 2020, from $1.19 billion for the same period the previous year. In addition, World Trade Organization forecasted that the global trade will fall by between 13% and 32% in 2020 as the COVID 19 pandemic disrupts normal economic activity and life around the world, subsequently affecting the growth of bioherbicides market.
Market Landscape
Technology launches, acquisitions and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the bioherbicides market report. In 2019, the market of bioherbicides has been consolidated by the top five players accounting for xx% of the share. Major players in the bioherbicides market are, Emery Oleochemicals Sdn Bhd, Ecopesticides International, Inc., Bioherbicides Australia Pty Ltd, Deer Creek Holdings, Verdesian Life Sciences, LLC, Marrone Bio Innovations Inc., Hindustan Bio-tech, Special Biochem Pvt. Ltd, Lallemand Inc. among others.
Acquisitions/Technology Launches
- In April 2020, Marrone Bio Innovations Inc launched a bio-based plant health product Pacesetter™. Pacesetter acts synergistically with conventional fungicides to improve plant health and vigor.
- In September 2019, Marrone Bio Innovations Inc. acquired all rights and assets to the Jet Ag and Jet Oxide product lines from Jet Harvest Solutions. Jet Ag and Jet Oxide are used to control of fungal and bacterial disease.
1. Bioherbicides Market - Market Overview
1.1 Definitions and Scope
2. Bioherbicides Market - Executive Summary
2.1 Market Revenue, Market Size and Key Trends by Company
2.2 Key Trends by Source
2.3 Key Trends by Crop Type
2.4 Key Trends by Application
2.5 Key Trends by Geography
3. Bioherbicides Market - Landscape
3.1 Comparative analysis
3.1.1 Market Share Analysis- Top Companies
3.1.2 Product Benchmarking- Top Companies
3.1.3 Top 5 Financials Analysis
3.1.4 Patent Analysis- Top Companies
3.1.5 Pricing Analysis
4. Bioherbicides Market - Startup companies Scenario Premium Premium
4.1 Top startup company Analysis by
4.1.1 Investment
4.1.2 Revenue
4.1.3 Market Shares
4.1.4 Market Size and Application Analysis
4.1.5 Venture Capital and Funding Scenario
5. Bioherbicides Market– Industry Market Entry Scenario Premium Premium
5.1 Regulatory Framework Overview
5.2 New Business and Ease of Doing business index
5.3 Case studies of successful ventures
5.4 Customer Analysis - Top companies
6. Bioherbicides Market- Market Forces
6.1 Market Drivers
6.2 Market Constraints
6.3 Market Opportunities
6.4 Porters five force model
6.4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
6.4.2 Bargaining powers of customers
6.4.3 Threat of new entrants
6.4.4 Rivalry among existing players
6.4.5 Threat of substitutes
7. Bioherbicides Market -Strategic analysis
7.1 Value chain analysis
7.2 Opportunities analysis
7.3 Market life cycle
7.4 Suppliers and distributors Analysis
8. Bioherbicides Market– By Source (Market Size -$Million)
8.1 Microbial
8.1.1 Fungi
8.1.1.1 Colletotrichum
8.1.1.2 Phoma
8.1.1.3 Sclerotinia
8.1.1.4 Others
8.1.2 Bacteria
8.1.2.1 Xanthomonas
8.1.2.2 Pseudomonas
8.1.2.3 Others
8.1.3 Protozoa
8.2 Biochemical
8.3 Phytotoxic Plant Residues
8.4 Others
9. Bioherbicides Market– By Crop Type (Market Size -$Million)
9.1 Agricultural Crops
9.1.1 Grains & Cereals
9.1.2 Oilseeds
9.1.3 Fruits & Vegetables
9.1.4 Others
9.2 Non Agricultural
9.2.1 Turf & Ornamental
9.2.2 Plantation Crops
10. Bioherbicides Market– By Application (Market Size -$Million)
10.1 Seed Treatment
10.2 Foliar
10.3 Soil Application
10.4 Post-Harvest
10.5 Others
11. Bioherbicides Market - By Geography (Market Size -$Million)
11.1 North America
11.1.1 U.S.
11.1.2 Canada
11.1.3 Mexico
11.2 South America
11.2.1 Brazil
11.2.2 Argentina
11.2.3 Colombia
11.2.4 Chile
11.2.5 Rest of South America
11.3 Europe
11.3.1 U.K
11.3.2 Germany
11.3.3 Italy
11.3.4 France
11.3.5 Russia
11.3.6 Spain
11.3.7 Netherland
11.3.8 Belgium
11.3.9 Rest of Europe
11.4 Asia Pacific
11.4.1 China
11.4.2 India
11.4.3 Japan
11.4.4 South Korea
11.4.5 Australia & New Zealand
11.4.6 Rest of Asia Pacific
11.5 RoW
11.5.1 Middle East
11.5.1.1 Saudi Arabia
11.5.1.2 UAE
11.5.1.3 Israel
11.5.1.4 Rest of Middle East
11.5.2 Africa
11.5.2.1 South Africa
11.5.2.2 Nigeria
11.5.2.3 Rest of Africa
12. Bioherbicides Market- Entropy
12.1 New Product Launches
12.2 M&A’s, Collaborations, JVs and Partnerships
13. Bioherbicides Market Share Analysis Premium
13.1 Market Share by Country- Top companies
13.2 Market Share by Region- Top companies
13.3 Market Share by type of Product / Product category- Top companies
13.4 Market Share at global level- Top companies
13.5 Best Practices for companies
14. Bioherbicides Market- List of Key Companies by Country Premium
15. Bioherbicides Market Company Analysis
15.1 Market Share, Company Revenue, Products, M&A, Developments
15.2 Company 1
15.3 Company 2
15.4 Company 3
15.5 Company 4
15.6 Company 5
15.7 Company 6
15.8 Company 7
15.9 Company 8
15.10 Company 9
15.11 Company 10 and more
"*Financials would be provided on a best efforts basis for private companies"
LIST OF TABLES
1.Global Bioherbicides Market, By Source Market 2019-2024 ($M)1.1 Microbials Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.2 Biochemicals Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.Global Bioherbicides Market, By Formulation Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.1 Granular Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.2 Liquid Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.Global Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Application Market 2019-2024 ($M)
3.1 Seed Treatment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.2 Soil Application Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.3 Foliar Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.4 Post-Harvest Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.Global Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Action Market 2019-2024 ($M)
4.1 Moa Involving Photosynthesis Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.2 Market Size Estimation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
4.3 Moa Targeting Enzyme Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
5.Global Bioherbicides Market, By Source Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
5.1 Microbials Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
5.2 Biochemicals Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
6.Global Bioherbicides Market, By Formulation Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
6.1 Granular Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
6.2 Liquid Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.Global Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Application Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
7.1 Seed Treatment Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.2 Soil Application Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.3 Foliar Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
7.4 Post-Harvest Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.Global Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Action Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
8.1 Moa Involving Photosynthesis Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.2 Market Size Estimation Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
8.3 Moa Targeting Enzyme Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
9.North America Bioherbicides Market, By Source Market 2019-2024 ($M)
9.1 Microbials Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.2 Biochemicals Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.North America Bioherbicides Market, By Formulation Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.1 Granular Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.2 Liquid Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.North America Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Application Market 2019-2024 ($M)
11.1 Seed Treatment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.2 Soil Application Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.3 Foliar Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.4 Post-Harvest Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.North America Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Action Market 2019-2024 ($M)
12.1 Moa Involving Photosynthesis Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.2 Market Size Estimation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.3 Moa Targeting Enzyme Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.South America Bioherbicides Market, By Source Market 2019-2024 ($M)
13.1 Microbials Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.2 Biochemicals Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.South America Bioherbicides Market, By Formulation Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.1 Granular Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.2 Liquid Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.South America Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Application Market 2019-2024 ($M)
15.1 Seed Treatment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.2 Soil Application Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.3 Foliar Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
15.4 Post-Harvest Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.South America Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Action Market 2019-2024 ($M)
16.1 Moa Involving Photosynthesis Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.2 Market Size Estimation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
16.3 Moa Targeting Enzyme Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.Europe Bioherbicides Market, By Source Market 2019-2024 ($M)
17.1 Microbials Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
17.2 Biochemicals Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
18.Europe Bioherbicides Market, By Formulation Market 2019-2024 ($M)
18.1 Granular Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
18.2 Liquid Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.Europe Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Application Market 2019-2024 ($M)
19.1 Seed Treatment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.2 Soil Application Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.3 Foliar Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
19.4 Post-Harvest Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.Europe Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Action Market 2019-2024 ($M)
20.1 Moa Involving Photosynthesis Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.2 Market Size Estimation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
20.3 Moa Targeting Enzyme Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.APAC Bioherbicides Market, By Source Market 2019-2024 ($M)
21.1 Microbials Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
21.2 Biochemicals Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
22.APAC Bioherbicides Market, By Formulation Market 2019-2024 ($M)
22.1 Granular Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
22.2 Liquid Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.APAC Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Application Market 2019-2024 ($M)
23.1 Seed Treatment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.2 Soil Application Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.3 Foliar Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
23.4 Post-Harvest Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.APAC Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Action Market 2019-2024 ($M)
24.1 Moa Involving Photosynthesis Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.2 Market Size Estimation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
24.3 Moa Targeting Enzyme Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.MENA Bioherbicides Market, By Source Market 2019-2024 ($M)
25.1 Microbials Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
25.2 Biochemicals Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
26.MENA Bioherbicides Market, By Formulation Market 2019-2024 ($M)
26.1 Granular Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
26.2 Liquid Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.MENA Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Application Market 2019-2024 ($M)
27.1 Seed Treatment Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.2 Soil Application Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.3 Foliar Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
27.4 Post-Harvest Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.MENA Bioherbicides Market, By Mode Of Action Market 2019-2024 ($M)
28.1 Moa Involving Photosynthesis Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.2 Market Size Estimation Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
28.3 Moa Targeting Enzyme Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
LIST OF FIGURES
1.US Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)2.Canada Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
3.Mexico Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
4.Brazil Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
5.Argentina Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
6.Peru Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
7.Colombia Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
8.Chile Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
9.Rest of South America Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
10.UK Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
11.Germany Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
12.France Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
13.Italy Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
14.Spain Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
15.Rest of Europe Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
16.China Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
17.India Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
18.Japan Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
19.South Korea Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
20.South Africa Bioherbicides Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
21.North America Bioherbicides By Application
22.South America Bioherbicides By Application
23.Europe Bioherbicides By Application
24.APAC Bioherbicides By Application
25.MENA Bioherbicides By Application
26.Marrone Bio Innovation Inc, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
27.Emery Oleochemicals, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
28.Deer Creek Holding, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
29.Verdesian Life Science, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
30.Certified Organic Pty Ltd, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
31.Ecopesticides International, Inc, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
32.Special Biochem Pvt. Ltd, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
33.Mycologic Inc. Innovative Biologicals, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
34.Hindustan Bio-Tech, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
35.Bioherbicides Pty Ltd, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)